Biostitution and Marginal Leaf Burn - towards A New Vocabulary

This is the time of year when I generally check in with the USDA Forest Service's annual national Biomonitering Program, which has been collecting and analyzing samples of leaves for ozone damage at plots around the country, every year since 1994.  I wouldn't want the friendly fellow at the Northern Research Station who returned my call to get in trouble, so I'm not going to reveal his name....because this is pretty much how the conversation went, after I asked him about the most recent results:

"Because of anticipated budget cuts, we didn't collect any data this year.  Nobody went out in the field."

After a moment of silent, incredulous astonishment, I started laughing a little hysterically.  "Seriously?  What are you guys doing with all that time on your hands?"

He laughed too.  "Well, we're pushing a lot of paper around on our desks."

I'm NOT kidding.  That's what he said.  Now, presumably foresters are still getting paid their salaries and benefits so, how much savings did the Forest Service realize by NOT sending them out to collect the leaves??

Answer:  just about nothing.  So, why did they decide to stop collecting?

Answer:  the results are getting too scary.  Don't even ask WHO exactly made the decision.

I mentioned to my overpopulation google group, not for the first time, that the trees are all dying from exposure to air pollution, and one new correspondent's initial reaction was scornful.  A day later, after he did some research, he wrote back to apologize.  In a thoughtful missive, he explained that on top of all the other terrible harm we are inflicting on nature, he just couldn't emotionally handle the notion that our pollution was killing trees...but upon reading and reflection, he realized it's quite true.  This is how I answered him:

No need to apologize.  Ever since I realized all the trees are dying, I am in a constant state of grief.  I have always loved trees, I grew up climbing their branches and building little mouse houses of moss and twigs around their roots.  They are magnificent, and give us so many gifts besides their beauty.  Cool shade and the sound of wind blowing through their leaves, nuts, and fruits, wood for our houses and furniture, paper, maple syrup, oxygen, and a home for most wild creatures.  They are the essential foundation of our ecosystem, and they are dying from the "acidification" of the atmosphere as surely as coral reefs, the nurseries of the seas, are dying in the oceans.  Fewer people recognize that trees are in terminal decline however; I think because, as your reaction demonstrates, it is too soul-crushing to contemplate.  So I very much understand, and I'm sorry to have added another source of dismay to an already crowded field.

The obligatory good news is that if people could get past their natural resistance - especially if, as I suspect, it turns out that the ozone problem is grotesquely exacerbated by biofuel emissions - it would be a first step towards understanding that we must cut back our use of fuels drastically, and our population growth.  Of course I realize that's not likely to happen.  But I pound away at it, because the prospect of your local farm losing half its crop, and the trees around your house falling on the roof, seems like more of a motivator than contemplating the extinction of rare species in exotic places, like butterflies in Madagascar, or polar bears in the Arctic.

Dr. Rice was kind enough to send me a pdf of the paper she co-authored, Acidification of Earth, which I've attached.  It says:

"Because the sources of atmospheric acids are widely distributed across the landscape, even the short atmospheric residence times of hours to days for the pollutants is adequate to support world-wide occurrence of acidic aerosols and compounds."

This chart, which is for SO2 emissions - a lesser source of ozone than NOx, - compares the developed world to China only, not even including India...so despite the widespread misimpression that we've taken care of pollution with existing regulations, it's pretty obvious why the global background levels of tropospheric ozone continue to rise:

Annoyed that the Forest Service abandoned their ozone biomonitering program  - because I am certain any data collected this year would have shown such extreme deterioration that it couldn't be bureaucratically swept away (by my reckoning, the decline of trees continues to escalate) - I started googling around for other more recent information.  I am never disappointed on these expeditions, there is always more to be found, especially now that google has been putting entire books online.  First, I found a field guide, published by the Mountain Studies Institute - the Ozone Bioindicator Manual - which corroborates basic information and provides photos:

“Ozone injury usually appears as black or purple spots (stipple), yellow or white bleached spots (chlorotic mottle, needle tip burn), or leaf browning (necrosis). Ozone may also cause premature leaf drop (senescence).”

"Ozone effects on natural vegetation have been documented throughout the country, particularly in many areas of the eastern U.S. and in California. Ozone injury in cutleaf coneflower has been observed in Rocky Mountain National Park in northern Colorado..."

INJURED DOGBANE

The USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, hosts a website called "Sick Tree" which describes ozone damage:

"From July through September in the Eastern United States, many plant species that are sensitive to ozone will show visible injury on the upper leaf surfaces. Normally, the ozone-injured leaf surfaces of bioindicator plants show stippled discoloration. Discoloration will vary among species, ranging from red to purple to brown. These plants may also drop their leaves early. In addition to visible symptoms, studies have shown that plants affected by ozone are smaller, and may produce fewer healthy seeds. Ozone injury may stress plants in other ways, and they may become more susceptible to other problems, such as insects and diseases."


Remember this salient fact, which is persistently and conveniently forgotten by scientists who prefer to point to the fungus that causes sudden oak death, rampant in California, and bark beetles, an epidemic in the Rockies and beyond.

Hands on the Land, a cooperative project involving the NASA Langley Research Center, the Appalachian Science Highlands Learning Center, and various academic and Forest Service scientists, has a program for students, Welcome to the O-Zone.

"...when ozone is generated from pollution sources and collects close to the ground (tropospheric ozone), it can be highly damaging to sensitive tissues in both plants and animals.

How do we know that these symptoms are caused by tropospheric ozone? In 1988, researchers in Great Smoky Mountains National Park set up study chambers with over 100 species of plants growing in them to determine which plants were affected by ozone."

"The result of this study is that 30 species were classified as highly sensitive and another 60 species showed some signs when exposed to high levels of ozone.

The highly sensitive species showed symptoms after being exposed to ozone levels as low as 10 parts per billion (ppb). In contrast, the EPA has set 65 ppb as the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (the level safe for people to be outside with no ill health effects)."

They also produced an "Ozone Monitoring Guide"  using bioindicator plants for the detection of ozone injury that is actually a quite comprehensive primer on ozone.

They sponsor experimental garden plots where students from elementary to high school monitor plant health, fill out charts and produce cool animated graphs of progressive leaf damage through the growing season.  Here's an excerpt of one girl's study, on page 29:

"Week 6 shows ozone levels between 52 ppb and 73 ppb.  While reviewing her data from each week, she notices that none of the levels are particularly high, only 5 days exceed 65 ppb and no days are considered unhealthy.  At the same time, the rate of progression of symptoms is fairly dramatic.

The results have raised more questions for the student than answers.  She is now wondering about the total number of hours the plants received certain ozone exposures.  The data she received only gave the maximum 8-hour average for the day. The student decides she wants to do more research on the internet to determine if there is a ppb standard for plant health since the plants appear to react to ozone in weeks when ozone levels are as low as 50 ppb at a maximum.  Her conclusion is that sustained exposure at low levels of ozone exposure seems to be just as likely to produce symptoms as a short-lived high exposure."

Oh My!  Out of the mouths of babes!  A simply stunning truth emerges:  the damage from exposures not considered unhealthy by the EPA standard is...dramatic.

Now, why might that be?  Why don't the standards for air quality set by our government agency, which is tasked with protecting the health of humans and the ecosystem, protect us from dramatic damage?  Well, here's a comment I came across over at Decline of the Empire that sums it up:

"I've never heard of the term "biostitute" until today by a former biology researcher who was unhappy with a career change he made and was ready to go back into performing research for consulting firms that do field studies required by government regulatory agencies. As he explained it, businessmen have bought off the politicians and regulators so that their construction projects get pushed through, no matter the severity of environmental degradation that they cause. "Money corrupts everything so that the entire earth gets paved over."

"Our associates have Ph.D. degrees in numerous areas and have produced and written hundreds of EA's (Environmental Assessments) and EIS's (Environmental Impact Statements) that were so misleading and cleverly crafted that power companies have been able to fragment and destroy thousands of acres of fragile native forest and other ecosystems, coal mining companies have been able to blast off entire mountain tops, and departments of transportation have been able to spend billions of dollars helping urban blight and sprawl consume thousands of acres of farmland so that the petroleum industry could sell millions of barrels of oil to new hordes of commuters."

To some degree we are all prostitutes to the system."

So remember our first new term for the day - Biostitution - there will be a test on the next post on that topic!  Also in the email exchange pasted below, highlighted in red, is another term that is new to me - although it is a phenomena I have observed many, many times on this blog:  marginal leaf burn - from a book!   I've been describing this ubiquitous condition edges that are singed or scorched, but now it's official - they have marginal leaf burn from absorbing ozone.

Meanwhile, following are the charts from the study guide showing students how to assess the degree of damage to leaves , from level 1, no ozone, to level 6, severe injury:

These pictures are very important, because it's impossible to find a leaf anywhere that looks like "level 1" - in fact, most currently look in far worse condition that the worst on this scale.  Following are photos I took this past few days, of a random assortment, all at high levels of injury - this is even more critical because it's been well established in experiments that stunted growth and other ill effects occur in trees BEFORE their leaves exhibit visible damage.

Pin Oak.

And remember, we've had no frost - if we had, the flowers and raspberries would be finished.

The berries look good, but they taste lousy (sigh).

All the older leaves are tattered and black - more recent sprouts are green.

I got rather excited last week when I read an interview at Forbes, "Climate Shock, UC Berkeley Scientist, Dr. John Harte, Puts the World on Notice."  A professor in the Department of Environmental Science, he was so dire in his warnings about the unaccounted feedback effects in climate models used for predicting future temperature increases that I thought surely, he would be interested to know about the impending feedback comprised by the crucial loss of the forest carbon sink...so I wrote him my usual letter.

A Clematis still blooms, despite leaves the older leaves that are discolored shriveled.

Dear Dr. Harte,

I have only today come across your work, via the excellent interview at Forbes.  I'm hopeful that you will consider examining, with your expertise, a relatively neglected, existential threat to our ecosystem, which is the cascade of NOx resulting in inexorably increasing levels of background tropospheric ozone.

I live in New Jersey and it is simply appalling how fast the trees here are dying.  I've traveled to Seattle, and even in Costa Rica, have found identical symptoms of foliage damaged by ozone.  Earlier this month I went to Santa Cruz to see my daughter, who is a grad student there, and frankly, California looks like a graveyard.  I really don't understand how it is that the residents don't notice that everything is brown and dying.  I know they blame it on insects, disease, and fungus, but all of those things attack trees and crops compromised by exposure to air pollution.

Cleome - a frost sensitive annual flower, above the withered leaves of the pond lotus

Anyway, I write about this problem and publish photographs on a blog called Wit's End, because I keep hoping that a professional will alert the public that we are going to have a serious shortage of food, soon, if we continue to burn fuel and emit reactive Nitrogen.

I also suspect, but do not have the resources to investigate, that biofuel emissions are much worse than fossil fuel in terms of producing ozone; and perhaps that is why vegetation is dying at a rapidly accelerating rate in just the past few years.  If that's the case, we could just stop burning biofuels and conserve like crazy instead, thus returning to a slightly more leisurely pace of destruction from climate change alone.

I welcome any thoughts you may have on this topic, and thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Gail Zawacki

Oldwick, NJ

A sweet rose outside my kitchen.

His response: 

Yes, Gail, and on top of your reasons for scrapping biofuels is the fact that it really does little or nothing to reduce CO2 emissions.

You might enjoy the free, downloadable book my wife and I wrote:  www.cooltheearth.us

Linking forest dieback to air pollution is easier in the Eastern US than in CA....not enough research has been done here, but one clear connection is between climate warming and the bark beetle population explosion.

The beetle has done enormous damage to conifers throughout much of the Rockies.

John

Chlorotic pine needles. 

Dear Dr. Harte,

Thank you for the link to your book.

With breathtaking brevity in your reply to my concerns, you have managed to hit three of the top denialist points I encounter from academic researchers!  A trifecta!

Hosta.

1.  It may be happening where you are, but not where I am (actually, the earliest research in the 50's was done in CA, proving bark beetles were killing pines there, as has been demonstrated by more recent research* and **, and *** - and also in the NCLAN program, see the link to one study at UC Davis, and the USDA page in my last post.)

2.  It's insects (this despite the fact that the aspen in those same western forests are also dying, and they don't get attacked by bark beetle).  Common variants of this argument for other species are - it's fungus, it's disease, it's drought.

3.  It's warming (this despite the fact that older trees get attacked first, because they are more stressed from more seasons of exposure to ozone...plus, if it was mainly temperature causing the bark beetle to run amock, you'd expect a clear pattern of damage to be worst in the southern range and lower altitudes moving north and higher, but that is not the case to my knowledge).

Japanese maple leaves, much smaller than normal size.

* What caused the San Bernardino outbreak: "...long term exposure to air pollution, particularly ozone, has reduced the health of conifers in the forest. Excessive ozone exposure causes premature loss of pine needles, reducing the trees ability to produce food and tissues."

Weeping Katsura.

**UC Riverside:  Tree mortality and beetle activity were significantly higher at the high pollution site. Differences in beetle activity between sites were significantly associated with ozone injury to pines, while differences in tree mortality between sites were significantly associated with both ozone injury and fertilization level. Tree mortality was 9% higher and beetle activity 50% higher for unfertilized trees at the high pollution site compared to the low pollution site. Tree mortality increased 8% and beetle activity increased 20% under the highest rates of nitrogen additions at the low pollution site. The strong response in beetle activity to nitrogen additions at the low pollution site suggests that atmospheric nitrogen deposition increased tree susceptibility to beetle attack at the high deposition site. While drought conditions throughout the region were a major factor in decreased tree resistance, it appears that both ozone exposure and atmospheric nitrogen deposition further increased pine susceptibility to beetle attack."

*** from a book, Pests of the Native California Conifers, published by UC Berkeley, which says:

Ponderosa Pine showing severe ozone damage.  Note reduction in needle length and retention.
[from the book]

"Chlorotic mottling of needles, shorter needles, and reduced needle retention, are the main symptoms of injury [from ozone].  Seriously damaged leaves of deciduous trees in the same area may show distinctive brown edges, called marginal leaf burn.  Additional symptoms of serious damage include loss of apical dominance, that is, suppression of terminal bud growth; reduction in overal shoot growth; increased death of lower and mid crown branches; and diminished cone production...With chronic exposure to ozone, symptoms persist, trees continue to decline, and eventually many die, often prematurely from attack by bark beetles."  I can't cut and paste from a google book, but the section linked to is worth a read, because it is quite definitive that ozone underlies the secondary attacks by pathogens.


I was just in California and there isn't a conifer or a deciduous tree that doesn't have exactly those symptoms described.  Go outside and look!  I do hope you will consider your previous dismissal of this existential threat.  People need to know that the ecosystem is collapsing, or they will not be motivated to stop it.


Sincerely,


Gail

A Purple smoke bush.

Dear Gail,

I believe you missed or misunderstood the intent of my comments. Of course the effect of pollution on plants in S CA is documented.  But many of the other signs of plant damage in the Western US are not linked to pollution.  Sudden Oak death, for example, appears to occur in patterns that simply do not link to air quality. And in Colorado, bark beetle outbreak and damage are found in areas with relatively pristine air as well as in area with documented serious air pollution. There is no correlation of outbreaks with pollution in the Rockies.

Do not fall into the trap of assuming a single cause for the destruction that human activity is causing.  We are imposing multiple stresses on the planet, and the causes of damage are many and varied.
I neither said nor implied that it is not happening "here".

Chinese dogwood.

I never said that it is always insects; I said that in some places it is insects as direct cause, climate as indirect. In other places it is ozone and NOx, and in some places it is acid rain.

You are wrong to infer that climate change should affect more southerly regions before it affects more northerly regions.  Not sure where you got that from.

The cause of aspen dieback remains a puzzle...still no established and clear association with specific stresses.

Cheers,

John

Leaves of a fringe tree.

Dear John,

I have to admit I have been accused of being an ozonist, an epithet that is fine with me!  It's not that I don't understand there are (many) negative impacts on trees from various sources...what I do think however is that the damage done by ozone is grotesquely under appreciated, at our peril.  Pollution seems to be a verboten topic, particularly among climate scientists, which is unfortunate, because they are the ones with access to atmospheric data.

For instance you state that there is no correlation between "pristine" areas of Colorado and bark beetle, but according to the attached map which is on the USDA webpage, the bark beetle outbreak area is smack in the middle of some of the highest levels of ozone in the country.  More generally, there is a global trend for forest dieback, and the only truly global influence on trees is the background level of ozone in the troposphere.

I'll give you another example.  There are a couple of scientists in Vermont who have published reports that the reason the maple trees are producing measurably significant inferior quality of sap is warming and precipitation changes from CO2.  Yet they say this with exactly zero controlled experiments.  They appear to make this assumption because they can't find any other explanation to point to for this to occur over the last decade or so - no insects, disease or fungus to blame.  And yet they absolutely refuse to consider that reactive nitrogen precursors forming ozone in New England could be the cause - even though there are numerous controlled experiments by the NCLAN, FACE and others, proving that severely reduced yield and quality of plant production results from ambient ozone.

Very typical condition of maples leaves.

I won't bother you again and I do appreciate your taking the time to respond.  It's sad that something as well documented as "ozone causes cancer, emphysema, asthma, allergies, heart disease and Alzheimer's" isn't translated into the equivalent degree of fatal injury to trees, which are no more evolved to absorb it than people.  Instead, I often read that scientists and foresters advise people to plant trees because they "clean the air and reduce pollution" without ever stopping to wonder what happens to those helpful trees.

Sincerely,

Gail Zawacki

Hydrangea leaves, necrosis.

I didn't expect to hear back again, and I haven't.  I should have realized from his first response he is in the CO2 CO2 CO2 camp.   Oh, well, hunting season has begun!

Tally Ho!

Stephen Colbert expresses the prevalent view that we've solved the pollution problem, so shut up about it already!

The Colbert Report	Mon - Thurs 11:30pm / 10:30c
Indecision 2012 - Job-Killing EPA - Carol Browner
www.colbertnation.com
Colbert Report Full Episodes Political Humor & Satire Blog Video Archive

Newsflash! Occupy Wall Street Movement is Losing Momentum...NOT!

That's right, according to one analyst, statistics show diminished interest in the Occupations.  All I can say is, Like Hell!!

Complacent, Oblivious and In Denial!

Yay me, I (sort of) figured out how to add text and sound to a video!  It's a bit over a half hour, so don't say I didn't warn you...a mash of my very first (and hopefully not last) ride on a hot air balloon (it was FANTASTIC!) and my very first interview on the radio!  Make sure to notice the awkward attempts made and then swiftly abandoned by my fellow travelers to enthuse about the scenery, which unfortunately, is currently considerably less than glorious, and poised to become even less so.

Keep in mind...the colors should be as vivid as in these two photos, which were taken from a New York service that leads a variety of adventure tours - with their autumn foliage dates ranging from October 30 through November 5...because that's when the trees should be at their finest.

Naomi Wolf on Olbermann

We Don't Need No Stinkin' Permits!

Waaaah!  I have so much to write about dying trees but things are happening too fast at Occupy Wall Street to keep up.  Mayor Bloomberg has renewed bleating about restrictions including a preposterous requirement for permits to march, which annoys me no end...and then I read this extremely disconcerting account of her arrest, by Naomi Wolf, published in the UK Guardian of all places, where she has plenty to say about that.

Here's the link.  Read it, it's outrageous.  Why can't the NYPD treat peaceful protesters exercising their rights to free speech and to assemble like the police in Canada??  The occupiers should be allowed to have tents.  Winter is coming!

Occupy Wall Street Anthem

The Anthem for Occupy Wall Street from Nigrotime on Vimeo.

The Occupied Wall Street Journal

I was honored to contribute to the printing of the first issue of the Occupied Wall Street Journal, and even more thrilled to see the quality of the contributions and layout.  Below is a youtube about the publication.  But first and even more inspiring, I'm reprinting in its entirety, "The 99 Percent Declaration" a collaborative effort which is so eloquent and compelling - and completely refutes critics that the movement is nothing but a bunch of pitch-fork-wielding, ignorant rabble - it literally made me cry.  Just.  Brilliant.  Go to the link, join the working group, and become part of the revolution!  (Oh, you'll see why those pompous, smug rightwing lapdogs, David Brooks and Bill Kristol, are reduced to desperate attempts to smear the Occupiers.)

WHEREAS THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION PROVIDES:

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and topetition the Government for a redress of grievances.

BE IT RESOLVED THAT:

WE, THE NINETY-NINE PERCENT OF THE PEOPLE of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in order to form a more perfect Union, by, for and of the PEOPLE, shall elect and convene a NATIONAL GENERAL ASSEMBLY beginning on July 4, 2012 in the City Of Philadelphia.

I. Election of Delegates:

The People, consisting of all United States citizens who have reached the age of 18, regardless of party affiliation and voter registration status, shall elect Two Delegates, one male and one female, by direct vote, from each of the existing 435 Congressional Districts to represent the People at the NATIONAL GENERAL ASSEMBLY in Philadelphia. Said Assembly shall convene on July 4, 2012 in the city of Philadelphia.  

The office of Delegate shall be open to all United States citizens who have reached the age of 18. Election Committees, elected by local General Assemblies from all over the United States, shall coordinate with the 99 Percent Declaration Working Group (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/the99declaration/) to organize, coordinate and fund this national election by direct democratic voting. The Election Committees shall operate like the original Committees of Correspondence did before the first American Revolution. 

II. Meeting of the National General Assembly and Deliberation:

At the NATIONAL GENERAL ASSEMBLY, the 870 Delegates shall set forth, consider and vote upon a PETITION OF GRIEVANCES to be submitted to all members of Congress, The Supreme Court and President and each of the political candidates running in the nationwide Congressional and Presidential election in November 2012.  The Delegates of the National General Assembly shall vote upon and implement their own agenda, propagate their own rules and elect or appoint committee members as the Delegates see fit to accomplish their goal of presenting a PETITION OF GRIEVANCES from the 99% of Americans before the 2012 elections.

III. Proposed Petition for the Redress of Grievances:

The PETITION OF GRIEVANCES shall be non-partisan and address the critical issues now confronting the People of the United States. The Delegates shall deliberate and vote upon proposals for the PETITION OF GRIEVANCES in consultation with the People as the delegates to the first two Continental Congresses did. Below is a suggested list of grievances respectfully submitted by the OWS Working Group on the 99% Declaration. The final version of the PETITION OF GRIEVANCES voted upon by the Delegates of the National General Assembly MAY or MAY NOTinclude the following suggested issues: 

1. Implementing an immediate ban on all private contributions of money and gifts, to all politicians in federal office, from Individuals, Corporations, Political Action Committees, Super Political Action Committees, Lobbyists, Unions and all other private sources of money to be replaced by the fair and equal public financing of all federal political campaigns. We categorically REJECT the concept that money is equal to free speech because if that were so, then only the wealthiest would have a voice. These actions must be taken because it has become clear that politicians in the United States cannot regulate themselves and have become the exclusive representatives of corporations, unions and the very wealthy who spend vast sums of money on political campaigns to influence the candidates’ decisions and ensure their reelection year after year.

2. The immediate reversal, even if it requires a Constitutional Amendment, of the outrageous and anti-democratic holding in the "Citizens United" case by the Supreme Court, which equates the payment of money by corporations, wealthy individuals and unions to politicians with free speech. We, the People, demand that institutional bribery and corruption not be deemed protected speech.

3. Prohibiting all federal public officials and their immediate family members, whether elected or appointed, from EVER being employed by any corporation they regulate while in office and/or holding any stock or shares in any corporation they regulate while in office until a full 5 years after their term is completed.  

4. A complete lifetime ban on accepting all gifts, services, money, directly or indirectly, to any elected or appointed federal officials or their immediate family members, from any person, corporation, union or other entity that the public official was charged to regulate while in office.

5.  A complete reformation of the United States Tax Code to require ALL citizens to pay a fair share of a progressive, graduated income tax by eliminating loopholes, unfair tax breaks, exemptions and deductions, subsidies (e.g. oil, gas and farm) and ending all other methods of evading taxes. The current system of taxation favors the wealthiest Americans, many of whom, pay fewer taxes to the United States Treasury than citizens who earn much less and pay a much higher percentage of income in taxes to the United States Treasury. We, likeWarren Buffet, find this income tax disparity to be fundamentally unjust.

6. Medicare for all American citizens or another single-payer healthcare system, adjusted by a means test (i.e. citizens who can afford it may opt-out and pay their own health insurance or opt-in and pay a means tested premium). The Medicaid program, fraught with corruption and fraud, will be eliminated except for the purpose of providing emergency room care to indigent non-citizens who will not be covered by the single-payer program.

7. New comprehensive regulations to give the Environmental Protection Agency expanded powers to shut down corporations, businesses or any entities that intentionally or recklessly damage the environment and/or criminally prosecute individuals who intentionally damage the environment. We also demand the immediate adoption of the most recent international protocols, including the "Washington Declaration" to cap carbon emissions and implement new and existing programs to transition away from fossil fuels to reusable or carbon neutral sources of power.

8. Adoption of an immediate plan to reduce the national debt to a sustainable percentage of GDP by 2020. Reduction of the national debt to be achieved by BOTH a cut in spending to corporations engaged in perpetual war for profit, the "healthcare" industry, the pharmaceutical industry and all other sectors that use the federal budget as their income stream AND a truly progressive income tax code that does not allow the wealthy and corporations to evade taxes through excessive deductions, subsidies and loopholes. We agree that spending cuts are necessary but those cuts must be made to facilitate what is best for the People of the United States of America, not multinational and domestic corporations. 

9. Passage of a comprehensive job and job-training act like the American Jobs Act to employ our citizens in jobs that are available with specialized training and by putting People to work now by repairing America's crumbling infrastructure. We also recommend the establishment of an online international job exchange to match employers with skilled workers or employers willing to train workers in 21st century skills.

10. Student loan debt relief. Our young People and students are more than $830 billion in debt from education loans alone. Payment and interest on these debts should be deferred for periods of unemployment and the principal on these loans reduced using a corporate tax surcharge.

11. Immediate passage of the Dream Act and comprehensive immigration and border security reform including offering visas, lawful permanent resident status and citizenship to the world’s brightest People to stay and work in our industries and schools after they obtain their education and training in the United States.

12. Recalling all military personnel at all non-essential bases and refocusing national defense goals to address threats posed by the geopolitics of the 21st century, including terrorism and limiting the large scale deployment of military forces to instances where Congressional approval has been granted to counter the Military Industrial Complex's goal of perpetual war for profit.

13. Mandating new educational goals to train the American public to perform jobs in a 21st Century economy, particularly in the areas of technology and green energy, taking into consideration the redundancy caused by technology and the inexpensive cost of labor in China, India and other countries and paying our teachers a competitive salary commensurate with the salaries of employees in the private sector with similar skills. 

14. Subject to the elimination of corporate tax loopholes and exploited exemptions and deductions stated above, offering tax incentives to businesses to remain in the United States and hire its citizens rather than outsource jobs and reconstruct the manufacturing capacity of the United States.  In conjunction with a new jobs act, reinstitution of the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps or a similar emergency governmental agency tasked with creating new public works projects to provide jobs to the 46 million People living in poverty, the 9.1% unemployed and 10% underemployed.

15. Implementing of immediate legislation to encourage China and our other trading partners to end currency manipulation and reduce the trade deficit.

16.  Immediate reenactment of the Glass-Steagall Act and increased regulation of Wall Street and the financial industry by the SEC, FINRA and the other financial regulators, and the commencement of a Justice Department criminal investigations into the Securities and Banking industries practices that led to the collapse of markets, $700 billion bail-out, and financial firm failures in 2007-2008.

17. Adoption of a plan similar to President Clinton’s proposal to end the mortgage crisis and instead of the Federal Reserve continuing to lower interest rates for loans to banks who are refusing to loan to small businesses and consumers, the Federal Reserve shall buy all underwater or foreclosed mortgages and refinance these debts at 1% or less to be managed by the newly established Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (and foreclosure task force described below) because 1% or less is the interest rate the Federal Reserve loans to the banks directly who hoard the cash rather than loan it to the People and small businesses.

18. An immediate one year freeze on all foreclosures to be reviewed by an independent foreclosure task force appointed by Congress and the Executive Branch to (in conjunction with the  Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ) determine, on a case by case basis, whether foreclosure proceedings should continue based on the circumstances of each homeowner and propriety of the financial institution's conduct.

19. Subject to the above ban on all private money and gifts in politics, to enact additional campaign finance reform requiring free air time and public campaign finances to all candidates who obtain sufficient petition signatures and/or votes to participate in the primaries and/or electoral process, to shorten the campaign season and to allow voting on weekends and holidays.

20. An immediate withdrawal of all troops from Iraq and Afghanistan and a substantial increase in the amount of funding needed for veteran job placement and the treatment of the physical and emotional injuries sustained by veterans in these wars. Our veterans are committing suicide at an unprecedented rate and we must help now.

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that IF the PETITION OF GRIEVANCES approved by the 870 Delegates of the NATIONAL GENERAL ASSEMBLY in consultation with the PEOPLE, is not acted upon by Congress, the President, and Supreme Court, to the satisfaction of the Delegates of the NATIONAL GENERAL ASSEMBLY, said Delegates shall organize a THIRD, COMPLETELY NON-PARTISAN, INDEPENDENT POLITICAL PARTY to run candidates for every available Congressional seat in the mid-term election of 2014 and again in 2016 until all vestiges of the existing corrupt corporatocracy have been removed by the ballot box.

★THE NINETY-NINE PERCENT★

Honey, Who Shrunk the Trees?

Once upon a time - long, long ago - there was a government program called NCLAN - the National Crop Loss Assessment Network.  This was an ongoing series of studies and experiments that investigated the impacts of air pollution on vegetation - almost exclusively from absorbing ozone, as that has by far the most impact.  You might think, since the background levels of ozone are inexorably rising, that such information would be even more relevant today.  But the results of the research apparently were so frightening, that the program was abandoned two decades ago, in 1987.  Here's a photograph from one published study, "Determining Crop Yield Losses from Air Pollutants" with its sinister caption:

"Visible signs of pollutant injury to leaves of some crops are not a reliable measure of yield loss, because growth effects may occur in the absence of visible damage."

Jesus H. Christ!  You mean "growth effects" - diminished yield (size) and decreased nutritional quality - can happen BEFORE you can see damage to foliage?  Yikes...ALL foliage looked identically damaged this summer and fall - so for how long have "growth effects" been happening before now?

Amazingly enough, the New York Times reports that research indicates numerous species are literally shrinking, which is something that I have noticed is certainly true for the size of leaves, and flowers:

"...the shrinking among species in general is noticeable, Dr. Sheridan said — at least to scientists studying them. And in the long run, she suggests, changes in species sizes could have major implications for crop production and the availability of protein sources like fish.

Judging from the fossil record, creatures like beetles, spiders and pocket gophers shrank during periods of warming in the past like the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum about 55.8 million years ago, the researchers write. Scientists are increasingly relying on fossils to predict what the planet might anticipate over the next century.

Although climate change is now unfolding at a much faster rate than in past periods of warming, the researchers write, the basic message is the same: warmer temperatures equals smaller animals.

Yet the research community over all has been less than enthusiastic about embracing the idea. 'The scientific community is really hesitant to publish things that are potentially inflammatory,' said David Bickford, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Singapore and a co-author of the paper. 'People don’t want to think that this is a new reality, everything shrinking.'”

Whoooah!  That entire paragraph is worth repeating:

"Yet the research community over all has been less than enthusiastic about embracing the idea. “The scientific community is really hesitant to publish things that are potentially inflammatory,” said David Bickford, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Singapore and a co-author of the paper. “People don’t want to think that this is a new reality, everything shrinking.'"

The article includes this prediction:

“'I don’t think that organisms will shrink to the degree that you’ll walk outside and see that trees are suddenly half the size that they used to be,' said Jennifer Sheridan, a conservation biologist at the University of Alabama and a co-author of a paper describing the phenomenon in Monday’s issue of the journal Nature Climate Change."

Maybe not.  Maybe they'll just be...gone!  Let's return to the USDA webpage that describes the NCLAN, which has been linked to here at Wit's End before, but deserves another visit.  All of the following in this font is taken verbatim from that page, as are the illustrations; my own added comments will be in blue.

Ground-level ozone causes more damage to plants than all other air pollutants combined.  This web page describes the ozone pollution situation, shows classical symptoms of ozone injury and shows how ozone affects yield of several major crops.

Before we go one step further, a few critical points should be kept in mind when reading this.


1.  This long-term study focussed on annual agricultural crops, so when you consider that long-lived trees and other perennials are exposed to cumulative damage from ozone, season after season, you'd have to be an idiot not to understand that eventually, it's going to kill them.


2.  EVERY SINGLE LEAF now shows the symptoms pictured here, to one degree or another...and damage is done to trees BEFORE visual symptoms appear.


3.  What was that quote in the NYTimes?  Oh, yeah:  "The scientific community is really hesitant to publish things that are potentially inflammatory"  THAT is why practically nobody but me, certainly nobody in the "scientific community" is publicly connecting these dots...in case you wondered.

Tropospheric Ozone Pollution 

Ozone is formed in the troposphere when sunlight causes complex photochemical reactions involving oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC) and carbon monoxide that originate chiefly from gasoline engines and burning of other fossil fuels.  Woody vegetation is another major source of VOCs.  NOx and VOCs can be transported long distances by regional weather patterns before they react to create ozone in the atmosphere, where it can persist for several weeks.

Let's be clear.  The VOC from woody vegetation wouldn't be a problem (as Ronald Reagan famously claimed that air pollution is caused by trees), because it wouldn't chemically turn into ozone in the absence of NOx, which is only there because WE PUT IT THERE.  NOx emissions are currently referred to as a CASCADE, because they are out of control and there is no regulation of them whatsoever.

Seasonal exposures at low elevations consist of days when ozone concentrations are relatively low or average, punctuated by days when concentrations are high. Concentrations of ozone are highest during calm, sunny, spring and summer days when primary pollutants from urban areas are present.  Ozone concentrations in rural areas can be higher than in urban areas while ozone levels at high elevations can be relatively constant throughout the day and night.

Notice the map above is dated 2005, so you can be sure the problem is now considerably worse.  The caption says, "Areas shown in brown orange and red [which corresponds to 50 to 65 ppbv] can experience significant crop yield loss and damage to ecosystem function [which refers to dying trees and the consequences therefrom I assume] from ambient ozone.  Keep in mind also, that even at levels lower than 50, plants are damaged, because the natural level of ozone they evolved to absorb is approximately, ZERO.


Also notice the high levels SMACK IN THE MIDDLE of the bark beetle epidemic.  Despite many studies indicating that insects, disease and fungus attacks are exacerbated when trees lose their natural defenses from absorbing ozone, certain foresters continue to deny that ozone is playing any role in the Rockies - even though the aspen are dying too, and bark beetles don't colonize aspen.


Ozone enters leaves through stomata during normal gas exchange.  As a strong oxidant, ozone (or secondary products resulting from oxidation by ozone such as reactive oxygen species) causes several types of symptoms including chlorosis and necrosis. It is almost impossible to tell whether foliar chlorosis or necrosis in the field is caused by ozone or normal senescence. [Unless of course the plant or tree is dying prematurely!] Several additional symptom types are commonly associated with ozone exposure, however.  These include flecks (tiny light-tan irregular spots less than 1 mm diameter), stipples (small darkly pigmented areas approximately 2-4 mm diameter), bronzing, and reddening.

Ozone symptoms usually occur between the veins on the upper leaf surface of older and middle-aged leaves, but may also involve both leaf surfaces (bifacial) for some species. The type and severity of injury is dependent on several factors including duration and concentration of ozone exposure, weather conditions and plant genetics.  One or all of these symptoms can occur on some species under some conditions, and specific symptoms on one species can differ from symptoms on another. With continuing daily ozone exposure, classical symptoms (stippling, flecking, bronzing, and reddening) are gradually obscured by chlorosis and necrosis.  That gradual obscuring by chlorosis and necrosis is what is making leaves turn brown and fall off the trees early this fall, without ever turning glorious autumn colors.

Studies in open-top field chambers have repeatedly verified that flecking,stippling, bronzing and reddening on plant leaves are classical responses to ambient levels of ozone. Plants grown in chambers receiving air filtered with activated charcoal (CF) to reduce ozone concentrations do not develop symptoms that occur on plants grown in nonfiltered air (NF) at ambient ozone concentrations. Foliar symptoms shown on this web site mainly occurred on plants exposed to ambient concentrations of ozone (either in NF chambers or in ambient air).

Yield Loss Caused by Ozone

Field research to measure effects of seasonal exposure to ozone on crop yield has been in progress for more than 40 years. Most of this research utilized open-top field chambers in which growth conditions are similar to outside conditions. The most extensive research on crop loss was performed from 1980 to 1987 at five locations in the USA as part of the National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN).  At each location, numerous chambers were used to expose plants to ozone treatments spanning the range of concentrations that occur in different areas of the world.  The NCLAN focused on the most important agronomic crops nationally.  If you can stand the tin foil hats plainly in evidence, watch this video about farmers in Hawaii, whose plants are dying with symptoms just as described on this webpage...but they think it is from contrails.The strongest evidence for significant effects of ozone on crop yield comes from NCLAN studies (Heagle 1989).  The results show that dicot species (soybean, cotton and peanut) are more sensitive to yield loss caused by ozone than monocot species (sorghum, field corn and winter wheat).  That chart should be enough to make people really think about what is going to happen to our source of food if we continue to burn fuel, including biomass.

Finally, I will leave you with this link to an excellent exploration of climate change by, of all entities, MSNBC.  Don't miss the fantastic movies at the bottom.  I can't embed the video about trees, unfortunately, because it's fascinating.  The forester talks about how the trees normally can fight off the bark beetles but now can't - because they're old and/or unhealthy!  His exhibit says "Age and Stress take their toll".  What stress?  Of course, older trees have spent more time in polluted air.  Anyway, he doesn't even mention temperature!  Here's a screenshot - if I ever finish editing my film from California, you will be shocked to see that's not far from how it looks there...but the residents, of course, are oblivious.

OccupyGeorge

By circulating dollar bills stamped with fact-based infographics, Occupy George informs the public of America's daunting economic disparity one bill at a time. Because money knowledge is power.

Go to OccupyGeorge.com where you can find links to sources for the statistics,

and download templates to print your own!

"You are all a lost generation."

After the exhaustion of staying up all night Thursday to deter the threatened eviction of Occupy Wall Street early Friday, which to much teary jubilation, was thwarted, I came home for a nap and then returned again today.  My intention was to first join with one of many collaborative demonstrations going on around the city, a protest against mountain top removal coal extraction, which I had been informed was to meet in front of the NYC Library.  I arrived early and nobody else was there yet, so I wandered around back to the park, and came across a statue of Gertrude Stein.

Okay!...so I admit, I put my Anonymous mask on her bronze effigy!  (I like to think she would have approved.)  The rest of this post consists of quotes from her, and my first interview to upload (it takes some time, more will come).  This first young lady, who is utterly charming, sincere, and articulate, presents an unsentimental assessment of the prospects for our industrial society and the inhibited actions of the major environmental groups that is amazingly sophisticated.  I was impressed, and encouraged.

"Everybody knows if you are too careful you are so occupied in being careful that you are sure to stumble over something."

There ain't no answer.
There ain't gonna be any answer.
There never has been an answer.
There's your answer.

You look ridiculous if you dance

You look ridiculous if you don't dance
So you might as well dance.


I do want to get rich but I never want to do what there is to get rich.


You have to know what you want to get it.


There is no reason why a king should be rich or a rich man should be a king, no reason at all.


All of the above are quotes from Gertrude.


As I get more video uploaded, I'll add it...it takes time!


Update:  Snippets from Times Square, where the police barricaded the protesters to allow traffic to continue to flow...

Remember the Bigger Journey

The Onion ran a bracing spoof, "Nation Waiting for Protestesters to Clearly Articulate Demands Before Ignoring Them" which affords readers some chuckles...although, having said that, the debate within OWS about the elusive demands rages on, becoming ever more complex - and there is to be a meeting on Sunday, at Occupy Wall Street, to try to resolve it.

Don't hold your breath!  This is likely to be a long, wild, and convoluted process, and any attempt to streamline it or make it more palatable or comprehensible is likely to implode.



If you  happen to be very bored, lonely, and without recourse for any entertainment, check this out!

A Long Night

Just about everyone stayed up all night last night, sitting in torrential downpours, waiting for the police to move in.  The crowd was cheerful but determined, and tense - being arrested is Not Fun.  Then the announcement came - you can see Moi! in the lower left corner right after it was announced the cleaning has been "postponed".  Everyone was ecstatic!  Then I took the train home for a nap...back tomorrow, to march to Times Square.

Occupy Wall Street Evicted

Mayor Bloomberg has announced that tomorrow, Friday, Zuccotti Park will be "cleaned".  As the letter from Brookfield Properties to Police Commissioner Kelly makes clear, there really is no path for the occupation to continue and be in compliance with their concerns for safety, public access, and sanitation.  So I take this to be a permanent "cleansing", or at least, an attempt at it.  I highly recommend everyone go to this facebook page, BankTransferDay, and join the movement to move your money - that's something the police can't stop.

Update:  Contact Mayor Bloomberg and demand that OWS continue unimpeded - If he's so worried about sanitation he should allow port-a-potties and dumpsters!

Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg
City Hall
New York, NY 10007
PHONE 311 (or 212-NEW-YORK outside NYC)

FAX (212) 312-0700

E-MAIL:http://www.nyc.gov/html/mail/html/mayor.html

Brookfield's Letter to NYPD asking to "clear" Zuccotti Park of Occupy Wall Street protesters

more photos here